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Selva Prabhakaran

Selva is an experienced Data Scientist and leader, specializing in executing AI projects for large companies. Selva started machinelearningplus to make Data Science / ML / AI accessible to everyone. The website enjoys 4 Million+ readership. His courses, lessons, and videos are loved by hundreds of thousands of students and practitioners.

CUDA Programming: Do Large scale parallel computing in GPU from Scratch

While GPUs ((Graphics Processing Unit) are in high demand in video games, with the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs), GPUs are in high demand. They give the much needed large scale parallel computing capability required to train the LLMs (having billions of parameters). So what is CUDA? CUDA stands for Compute Unified Device Architecture …

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Mutual information vs Cross Entropy

Cross-entropy is a measure of error, while mutual information measures the shared information between two variable. Both concepts used in information theory, but they serve different purposes and are applied in different contexts. Let’s understand both in complete detail. Cross-Entropy Cross-entropy measures the difference between two probability distributions. Specifically, it quantifies the amount of additional …

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Bayesian Optimization for Hyperparameter Tuning – Clearly explained.

Bayesian Optimization is a method used for optimizing ‘expensive-to-evaluate’ functions, particularly useful in hyperparameter tuning for machine learning models. Let’s understand how it works and the math behind it with all the detail. Overview of Bayesian Optimization Bayesian optimization for hyperparameter tuning involves the following steps. We will break it down to simple details after …

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joint probability

Difference between Joint probability and Conditional probability

Joint probability and conditional probability are two concepts in probability theory that deal with the likelihood of events, but they are used in different contexts and measure different things. Joint Probability Definition: Joint probability is the probability of two events happening at the same time. Notation: $( P(A \cap B) ) or ( P(A \text{ …

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How to convert Python to Cython inside Jupyter Notebooks?

Let’s see how to cythonize Python code inside Jupyter notebooks step by step. In this post we will see how to: Define and time a Python Function to benchmark How to run Python using Cython in Jupyter Notebook Let’s cythonize the function But, let’s first answer a basic question: What is the difference between CPython …

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KL Divergence

KL Divergence – What is it and mathematical details explained

At its core, KL (Kullback-Leibler) Divergence is a statistical measure that quantifies the dissimilarity between two probability distributions. Think of it like a mathematical ruler that tells us the “distance” or difference between two probability distributions. Remember, in data science, we’re often working with probabilities – the chances of events happening. So, if we have …

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How to get records from one table that does not exist in another

How to get records from one table that does not exist in another?

Problem You have two tables, tableA and tableB. You want to retrieve all records from tableA that do not have a matching record in tableB based on a specific column. Input Let’s start with creating two tables and populating them with data. tableA – This will be our primary table where we’ll select data from. …

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How to access the _previous row_ value in a SELECT statement in SQL

How to access the “previous row” value in a SELECT statement in SQL?

Problem How to access the “previous row” value in a SELECT statement in SQL? Input id sale_date units_sold 1 2023-01-01 10 2 2023-01-02 15 3 2023-01-03 12 4 2023-01-04 20 Try Hands-On: HERE Source Tables: Gist Desired Solution sale_date current_day_sales previous_day_sales 2023-01-01 10 2023-01-02 15 10 2023-01-03 12 15 2023-01-04 20 12 Solution 1: To …

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How to exclude a column using select _ except column

How to exclude a column using select * except column?

Problem You have a database table, how to select all columns except specific columns mentioned by the user? Example Syntax: SELECT * [except columnA] FROM tabA; Input id first_name last_name email salary 1 John Doe [email protected] 50000 2 Jane Smith [email protected] 60000 3 Bob Brown [email protected] 55000 This is not possbile in native SQL databases. …

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How to use GROUP BY to concatenate strings in MySQL and SQL Server

How to use GROUP BY to concatenate strings in MySQL and SQL Server?

Problem Often when dealing with database records, you might encounter a situation where you want to group records based on a specific column but rather than aggregating the other columns using functions like SUM() or AVG(), you want to concatenate their strings. MySQL has the GROUP_CONCAT() function for this purpose. Input ID Class Name 1 …

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How to get top n results in each 'group by' group in SQL

How to get top n results in each ‘group by’ group in SQL?

Problem You have a table with multiple records. For each distinct value in one of the columns (i.e., each ‘group by’ group), you want to retrieve the top ‘n’ rows based on some criteria. In the below example, get the top 2 entries for each sales person based on ‘amount’ column. Input id salesperson amount …

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How to concatenate multiple rows into one field in MySQL

How to concatenate multiple rows into one field in MySQL?

Problem You have a table with multiple rows of data for each unique identifier and you want to concatenate the values of these rows into a single field for each identifier. Input user_id interest 1 Reading 1 Writing 2 Painting 2 Singing 3 Traveling Try Hands-On: Fiddle Create Table: Gist Desired Output user_id concatenated_interests 1 …

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Machine Learning A-Z™: Hands-On Python & R In Data Science

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Machine Learning A-Z™: Hands-On Python & R In Data Science

Machine Learning A-Z™: Hands-On Python & R In Data Science

Machine Learning A-Z™: Hands-On Python & R In Data Science

Machine Learning A-Z™: Hands-On Python & R In Data Science

Machine Learning A-Z™: Hands-On Python & R In Data Science